More millions of people suffer from “osteoarthritis” than any other classification. We already know, from the last chapter, that the word “arthritis” means “inflammation of the joint.” The word “osteo” comes from the Greek word “osteon,” meaning “bone.” Compounded, therefore, osteoarthritis can be defined as “inflammation of the bony part of the joint.”
Your joints have many parts—membranes, cartilage, oil sacs, bones, etc. Osteo-arthritis afflicts mainly the bone section, and so derives its name.
Osteo-arthritis is known as a “wear and tear” disease. Over-activity in work or exercise can cause wearing out of the cushion of cartilage at the end of a bone. (Sometimes doctors also refer to “osteo” under the names of degenerative or hypertrophic arthritis.)
We maintain, however, that osteo-arthritis is much more than just a question of bones simply wearing out. For every million persons who have this “wear and tear arthritis,” there are twenty million people of the same age, doing the same type of work who do not have the disease. Why? Because those who are well have better dietary habits!
In the Journal of the American Medical Association (July 2, 1949) Dr. E. F. Rosenberg reports that it is time to refute the belief that osteo-arthritis comes from ageing. As proof, this prominent Chicago doctor makes the following points:
1. Osteo-arthritis of the fingers involves only the terminal joints. As the joints of the entire finger are used, why aren’t the other joints affected?
Only one hip may become afflicted with osteo-arthritis. Yet, through the years, both hips received the same amount of use.
Sedentary workers are often victims of osteoarthritis—without any mechanical or physical wear on their skeletal structure.
Where does osteo-arthritis generally strike? Among men the most common joints affected are the knees, feet and spine. In women, it generally involves the fingers, hands, then the knees and spine. In other words, the parts of the body which do the work feel it first.
If you suffer from this ailment, you at least have plenty of company. More than 70 per cent, of the American population contracts some degree of osteo-arthritis by the time they reach fifty-five years of age!
And this terrible toll has been high for centuries, back to the beginning of time.
Osteo-Arthritis—as Old as the Hills!
This disease began more than 100,000,000 years ago. Fossils of dinosaurs in museums today show that before these animals died, their joints wore out. Their bones rubbed against each other, and frayed in arthritic manner.
During the time of the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, osteo-arthritis flourished.
In prehistoric and Roman times, just like today every animal and human had one dietary fault in common. They all drank too much water with their meals.
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Астма представляет собой всемирную проблему, но в некоторых странах она представляет сложную и острую ситуацию: в США, Западной Европе, Великобритании астмой страдают 5-10% всего населения. Мировым эпицентром астмы является остров Тристан-да-Кунья в Южной Атлантике, где астмой болеет каждый третий житель. Высокая заболеваемость астмой на этом острове, объясняется близкородственными узами, поскольку трое из первых пятнадцати поселенцев страдали астмой.
Учёные Австралии обнаружили, что один из каждых пяти второклассников испытывает повторяющиеся эпизоды затруднённого дыхания и почти каждый четвёртый из этой группы детей, позже становился хроническим астматиком и продолжал болеть, будучи уже взрослым.
Астма больше распространена в городах, чем в сельской местности. В основном, в странах западного мира заболеваемость колеблется от 3 до 5%. В большинстве исследований отмечается высокий уровень астмы именно у детей. Последнее изучение тенденции развития показывает, что общая заболеваемость в мире резко возросла. Причины этого роста связывают с ухудшением экологической среды обитания человека.
Астма может передаваться по наследству, но не обязательно по прямой линии, т.е. она может пощадить одно поколение либо проявиться, лишь у племянников, дяди или тётушки. У многих астматиков с видимым отсутствием семейной предрасположенности, возможно, были деды, у которых отмечались хрипы, неправильно диагностированные как хронический бронхит или проблемы с лёгкими. Наличие астмы у близких родственников вовсе не означает наличие болезни у потомков. Всё зависит от окружающей среды. Многие братья и сестры астматиков несут в себе эти астматические гены, однако симптомы болезни у них не обнаруживаются. Народная мудрость гласит, что чаще всего наследует астму первый, родившийся в семье мальчик. Хотя у этой народной теории нет научного подтверждения, многие люди прислушиваются к ней. Дело в том, что научно доказано, что астма, начинающаяся в младенчестве или в детстве, наследуется с большей вероятностью, чем астма, появившаяся в силу разных причин, в зрелом возрасте. Когда один из родителей страдает астмой, тем более, если родитель аллергик, в 50% случаев у ребёнка тоже разовьётся астма.

панические атаки лечение

Diffuse pallor may be caused by general depression of the circulation such as in shock or a fainting episode. Localized pallor is commonly caused by obstructed blood flow to a region that prevents adequate red (oxygenated) blood from reaching the skin. However, your skin may look red in areas where blood flow is abnormally abundant, as occurs in areas of an inflamed arthritic joint.
The location of skin color changes will lead your doctor to a conclusion about where the blood flow abnormality is and what blood vessels are involved. One classic constellation of symptoms is the occurrence of sequential white, blue, and red discoloration of one or more fingers, especially when exposed to cold. This is caused by spasm of the small vessels in the fingers. It is referred to as “Raynaud’s phenomenon.” It may occur as an isolated “disease” in itself, or it may be associated with other illnesses.
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Maintain a sense of humour. While many behaviour problems really are serious and a cause of considerable stress for parents, keeping things in perspective is important. The fact that the child utters a profanity, or breaks a vase, isn’t necessarily the calamity that it appears to be at the time. Of course, it is still important to employ the strategies outlined below but the ability to laugh, and not to take it all too seriously, is one of the more important things to keep in mind as a parent. Give your child a choice where possible, but set limits on this. Often there is a blow-up in the morning, when you are in a hurry, and your toddler is holding everyone to ransom by refusing to wear the yellow shirt. A limited choice — ‘Which shirt would you like to wear, the yellow one or the red one?’ — will give your child a sense of control as well, and often avoids setting up a confrontation. Observe the two fundamental rules of behaviour modification: reinforce wanted behaviour, and ignore unwanted behaviour. Most parents generally do not pay enough attention to children when they are good, that is, they do not sufficiently reward and reinforce desirable behaviour. Try to catch your child being good, and let him know how pleased you are about it. Praise him verbally, or with a light touch on the shoulder, a cuddle, or even an unexpected reward, such as an icecream. Similarly, wherever possible and appropriate try to ignore undesirable behaviour (see Temper tantrums, p. 144). Obviously, there will be times when this is not appropriate. In these circumstances, use the ‘time-out’ technique which is described below.

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The working-through process

Recovery is not as simple as we would like it to be. In the beginning, it feels as though we take one step forward then two steps backwards. This is why so many people feel they are never going to recover. It is also part of the reason why so many people become discouraged and give up.

We need to understand the step-by-step process of working through the various stages of recovery. Understanding the working-through process is of the utmost importance, yet it is rarely discussed as an issue.

Patience

One of the first things we need to learn is patience. Everyone, naturally enough, wants recovery now. Not tonight, not tomorrow, not next week, but this very second. This creates further stress which keeps the whole cycle going. Whether we like it or not, we all have to learn patience, with the working-through process and with ourselves. Learning to be patient with ourselves is learning to be kind to ourselves. Being kind to ourselves means we are not putting ourselves under any further unnecessary stress.

We need to direct our energy into the determination to commit ourselves, time and again, to the working-through process despite setbacks.

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As we’ve seen, sleeping through the night is not as simple or common as we might assume.

? Arousals during the night are normal and need not cause problems.

? Sleep problems can arise when a child cannot put himself back to sleep after the arousals.

?    It may be harder for children to sleep undisturbed because a child goes more rapidly through the sleep cycles than an adult; there are more periods of arousals and therefore more chances to awaken.

?    Deep sleep occurs early in the night and again for a short while near morning. Sleep terrors are likely to happen at this time.

?    Light sleep and dreaming occur in the remainder of the night. Nightmares (vs. sleep terrors) happen during that time.

?    You can determine your child’s sleep state by her sleep behavior and by what time she went to sleep.

?    This information will help you assess the nature of the sleep disturbance and what your response will be.

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